Ua lilo ke kila kila Duplex 2205 i mea hoʻohana nui no nā ipu kaomi hana kemika, nā pūpū hoʻololi wela, a me nā paipu hana e lawelawe ana i nā wahi waiwai chloride, nā waena o ka sulfuric acid, a me ka wai i hana ʻia mai nā hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea. Hoʻohui ka papa i nā pae austenitic a me ferritic ma kahi like like, e hāʻawi ana i kahi pālua o ka ikaika hua o nā papa austenitic 304L/316L me ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pitting a me ka crevice corrosion ma mua o ke kila austenitic maʻamau. Hāʻawi ʻo Wow Stainless i ka pā duplex 2205, ka pepa, ka pā, a me ka paipu welded i nā ʻoihana ʻenekinia hale hana kemika ma ke kahakai ʻo US Gulf, nā wahi hana one aila Kanada, a me nā alaloa petrochemical Mekiko. ʻO nā noi maʻamau e pili ana i ka paipu hānai reactor, nā ʻōnaehana wai hana chloride-bearing, a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu i nā mea hoʻomoʻa FGD (flue gas desulfurization) e lawelawe ana i ka hana mana lanahu. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka metallurgy pālua-phase a me ka ʻae ʻana o ke Code ASME ua hoʻokele i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā hoʻolālā hale hana hana kemika mai ka makahiki 2018, i ka wā i hōʻano hou ai ʻo ASME B&PV Code Section VIII i nā mea duplex i ʻae ʻia me nā koi kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana hana.

No ke aha e pani ai ʻo Duplex 2205 i ka 316L ma nā wahi hana Chloride-Bearing

Hāʻawi ʻo Duplex 2205 i kahi ikaika pālua o ka ikaika o ka 316L austenitic stainless (450 MPa vs 220 MPa ka palena iki), e hiki ai ke hoʻolālā i nā ipu kaomi lahilahi e hōʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o ka mea a me ke kumukūʻai. Hāʻawi ka microstructure dual-phase i ka pale ʻana i ka pitting a me ka crevice corrosion, me PREN (pitting resistance equivalent number) o 35 i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 25 no 316L. No nā ʻano chloride ma luna o 1,000 ppm a me nā mahana hana ma luna o 60°C, mālama ʻo duplex 2205 i ka lawelawe kahi e ʻike ai ʻo 316L i nā hemahema pitting a me ka stress-corrosion-cracking i loko o nā mahina.

ʻO ka pono o ka waiwai mechanical o ka duplex 2205 e kākoʻo ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka mea i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ipu kaomi, me nā ʻano paia lahilahi e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka ipu ma 30-40% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea like 316L ma nā helu kaomi like. No nā reactors kaʻina hana kemika nui a me nā pahu mālama, unuhi pololei ka hōʻemi ʻana o ke kaumaha i ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā ukana kumu, nā logistics halihali maʻalahi, a me nā kumukūʻai kūkulu kahua haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kākoʻo hōʻailona ASME Code Section VIII e hiki ai i ka hoʻolālā duplex 2205 me ka ʻole o ka ʻae ʻenekinia hihia kūikawā, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana i nā kahe hana ʻenekinia papahana.

No nā wahi hana e lawe ana i ka chloride, ʻo ka duplex 2205 wale nō ka kikoʻī kila kila kūpono e ola ana i nā pahuhopu ola lawelawe 10-20 mau makahiki ma nā mahana hana ma luna o 60°C. ʻIke nā koho ʻē aʻe 316L i ka haki ʻana o ka corrosion stress chloride i loko o 2-5 mau makahiki ma nā kūlana lawelawe hana kemika he nui, e alakaʻi ana i nā pani i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia a me nā hoʻolaha hoʻololi pipiʻi. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi kumukūʻai lifecycle o ka duplex 2205 ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia i nā noi waiwai chloride kahi e hoʻomalu ai ke kumukūʻai hoʻololi a me ka hopena hana nalowale o nā pani i hoʻolālā ʻole ʻia i ka helu waiwai lifecycle. Loaʻa nā mea kuhikuhi ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke code ASME no nā ipu kaomi kila kila ma o BSI ma https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Nā ʻAno Hana Hana e Mālama i ke Kaulike Metallurgical Duplex

Pono ka hana ʻana o Duplex 2205 i ka hoʻokomo wela i kāohi ʻia a me ka hoʻokele mahana interpass e mālama i ke kaulike pae austenite-ferrite ma kahi o 50-50. ʻO ka hoʻokomo wela nui a i ʻole ka manawa lōʻihi ma 300-900°C e hana i ka ua pae sigma e hoʻopili ai i ka alloy. Hoʻākāka ʻo Wow Stainless i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o GTAW a me GMAW me ka mahana interpass kiʻekiʻe loa o 150°C, ka hoʻokomo wela i kaupalena ʻia i 1.0 kJ/mm, a me ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka hopena post-weld ma 1050-1100°C no nā ʻāpana kaumaha. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻāpana e like me ka welded i nā ana māmā me ka ʻole o ka mālama wela post-weld inā hōʻoia ka hōʻoia kaʻina hana welding i ke kaulike pae i ʻae ʻia.

He mea koi ʻia ke kaʻina hana kuʻihao e like me ka Māhele IX o ASME no ka hana ʻana i nā ipu kaomi duplex 2205, me nā moʻolelo kikoʻī o ke kaʻina hana kuʻihao (WPSRs) e hōʻike ana i ke koho ʻana o ka metala hoʻopihapiha, ka haku mele kinoea pale, ke ana ʻana o ka mahana interpass, a me ka hopena o ka ferrite e like me ke ʻano hana ana o ASTM A240. Mālama ʻo Wow Stainless i nā WPSR i hōʻoia mua ʻia no nā hoʻonohonoho kuʻihao duplex 2205 maʻamau e komo pū ana me ka papa butt-joint, pipe-to-pipe, pipe-to-fitting, a me nā geometries pili lālā, e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻenekinia papahana wikiwiki me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka WPSR no kēlā me kēia papahana.

Ma muli o nā hana kila kila maʻamau, ʻo ka ʻoki ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana, a me ka mīkini ʻana o ka duplex 2205, ua hahai ʻo ia i nā hana kila kila maʻamau me ka nānā ʻana i nā noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o nā mea hana. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka paʻakikī o ka hana o ka duplex 2205 ma mua o 316L ma kahi o 30%, e koi ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā wikiwiki ʻoki a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻakikī o nā mea hana no nā hana mīkini. Hoʻopuka ʻo Wow Stainless i nā alakaʻi palena mīkini no nā mea kūʻai aku e hana ana i ka hana lua, me nā wikiwiki ʻoki i ʻōlelo ʻia, nā helu hānai, a me nā kikoʻī o nā mea hana no ka ʻeli ʻana, ke kī ʻana, ka wili ʻana, a me ka huli ʻana i nā hana ma nā huahana pā duplex 2205, ka pā, a me nā paipu.

Nā Hoʻohana ʻana o ka Ipu Paʻi a me ka Pipeline i ka Hana Kemika

ʻO Duplex 2205 ma nā hale hana kemika ʻAmelika ʻĀkau e lawelawe ana i nā paipu hānai reactor e lawe ana i ka chloride, ka lawelawe waena o ka sulfuric acid, nā ʻāpana kūloko o ka FGD absorber i ka hana mana lanahu, a me nā ʻōnaehana wai i hana ʻia i nā hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā sila ASME B&PV Code Section VIII no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ipu kaomi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea duplex mai ka makahiki 2018, e kākoʻo ana i nā kikoʻī ʻenekinia hale hana ākea. Hoʻākāka mau nā hui ʻenekinia ʻo Worley, Fluor, Bechtel, a me Jacobs i ka duplex 2205 i nā kūkulu hale hana kemika ma nā papahana US Gulf Coast.

ʻO nā mea hoʻokomo o loko o ka FGD absorber e komo pū ana me nā demisters, nā pā, a me nā nozzles pīpī i ka hana mana lanahu e hōʻike ana i kahi noi nui no ka pā duplex 2205 a me ka pepa. ʻO ke kaiapuni slurry i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka chloride i loko o nā mea hoʻokomo FGD ke kumu o ka pala wikiwiki o ke kila kalapona a me nā koho ʻē aʻe 316L, me nā hemahema pitting i ʻike pinepine ʻia i loko o 18-36 mau mahina o ka lawelawe. Hoʻolōʻihi ka Duplex 2205 absorbers i ke ola lawelawe i 15-25 mau makahiki ma waena o nā outages i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, e hōʻemi nui ana i ke kumukūʻai hoʻololi a me ka hopena o ka loaʻa kālā o ka hanauna i nalowale i ka wā outages. Hoʻākāka mau nā ʻoihana EPC hana mana e like me Sargent & Lundy, Burns & McDonnell, a me Black & Veatch i ka duplex 2205 no ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka FGD absorber a me nā papahana hoʻololi.

ʻO ka lawelawe ʻana i ka wai i hana ʻia i nā hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea, ʻoiai nā kahawai wai kiʻekiʻe-total-dissolved-solids (TDS) mai Permian Basin, Bakken, a me ka hana ʻana i nā one ʻaila Kanada, hōʻike i nā pilikia corrosion e kūlike me ka hiki duplex 2205. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā chlorides ma 50,000-200,000 ppm, CO2 i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a me nā mahana hana o 60-90°C e hana i nā helu corrosion i ke kila kalapona o 1-5 mm/makahiki, me ka haki ʻana o ka corrosion stress i ʻike ʻia i nā lako 316L i loko o 3-5 mau makahiki. Hoʻemi ʻo Duplex 2205 i nā helu corrosion i lalo o 0.1 mm/makahiki a hoʻopau i nā hopohopo SCC, e kākoʻo ana i nā pahuhopu ola lawelawe 20-30 makahiki o ke kahua lawelawe wai i hana ʻia. Kuhikuhi ʻia ka palapala hoʻokō NACE MR0175 ma o BSI ma https://www.bsigroup.com/.

Palapala Hoʻāʻo Mill i koi ʻia e nā kūlana ASME a me ASTM

Hāʻawi ʻo Wow Stainless i nā palapala hōʻoia hoʻāʻo wili e like me ke kūlana EN 10204 3.1, me ka hiki ke hahai ʻia no kēlā me kēia pā, pepa, paipu, a i ʻole ka pā i ke ʻano wela a me ka huahana kikoʻī. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka palapala i ka hoʻohuihui kemika e like me ASTM A240, nā waiwai mechanical e like me ASTM A370 me ka ikaika hua, ka ikaika tensile, ka elongation, a me ka paʻakikī, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka corrosion e like me ke kūlana ASTM A923 no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pae intermetallic maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea duplex. Waiho ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia hoʻāʻo ma ke ʻano kikohoʻe no ka mālama ʻana i 10 mau makahiki e like me nā koi palapala ASME.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ASTM A923 no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā huahana wili duplex 2205 e ʻike i ka ua ʻana o ka pae sigma a i ʻole ka pae chi i hiki ke hana i ka wā o ka mālama wela kūpono ʻole ma ka wili. ʻO ke ʻano ASTM A923 A (hoʻāʻo etch) a me ke ʻano B (hoʻāʻo hopena) e ʻike i ka ua ʻana o ka pae, inā loaʻa, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana palupalu i ka lawelawe. Hana ʻo Wow Stainless i ka hoʻāʻo ASTM A923 ma kēlā me kēia duplex 2205 wela ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, me nā palapala i hāʻawi ʻia ma kēlā me kēia palapala hōʻoia wili ma ke ʻano he hōʻike o ka hoʻokō.

No nā noi ipu kaomi e koi ana i ka hana ʻana o ka sila ASME, hiki iā Wow Stainless ke hoʻopuka i nā mea hōʻoia pālua me ka sila US ASME a me ka sila kuhikuhi lako hana kaomi CE/PED ʻEulopa ma ka palapala hōʻoia wili like. Kākoʻo kēia palapala hōʻoia pālua i nā mea hana e lawelawe ana i nā pipeline papahana ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa me ka ʻole o nā ala kumu mea a me nā palapala palapala kaʻawale. Ua kau inoa ʻia nā palapala hōʻoia wili e kahi ʻelele maikaʻi i ʻae ʻia nona nā hōʻoia e hōʻoia ʻia ma o ka papa inoa pūnaewele o ke kino hōʻoia no ka hoʻokō piha ʻana i nā palapala kaulahao mālama.

Nā Manaʻo o ke Kaula Hoʻolako no nā Papa Hana Papahana ʻAmelika ʻĀkau

ʻO nā manawa alakaʻi mai ka ʻae ʻana i ke kauoha a hiki i ke Kai Kūʻono o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i ʻole kahi i hele ʻia ai ma Kanada mai 14-20 mau pule no nā mānoanoa o ka papa maʻamau (3-50mm) a me nā papa hana paipu maʻamau, me nā manawa alakaʻi lōʻihi no nā mea hoʻopili paipu kūikawā, nā papa nui, a i ʻole nā ​​kauoha liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka palena iki o ka wili. Mālama ʻo Wow Stainless i 300-500 metric tons o ka waihona papa duplex 2205 ma ka hale hana ʻo Wenzhou no nā kauoha hoʻouna wikiwiki i nā kahua papahana ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, me ka hoʻonohonoho logistics e kākoʻo ana i nā ukana FCL a me LCL ma o ke awa ʻo Shanghai a me ke awa ʻo Ningbo.

Pono ka hoʻolālā kūʻai papahana e noʻonoʻo i nā manawa alakaʻi liʻiliʻi he 12-16 pule maʻamau no nā mānoanoa o ka pā maʻamau, nā ana o ka pā nui e ʻoi aku ana ma mua o ke kūlana wili (ʻo ka laulā maʻamau he 2.5-3.0 mika a me ka lōʻihi o 6-12 mika), a me nā kauoha paipu e koi ana i ka mālama wela maʻamau a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana mai ke kolu o ka ʻaoʻao. E hoʻolimalima iā Wow Stainless ma ka pae manaʻo ʻenekinia papahana a i ʻole ka ʻenekinia kumu e hoʻopaʻa i nā kūlana waihona ma mua o ka pani ʻana o nā puka makani hoʻonohonoho wili a me ka mālama wela i ka manawa alakaʻi maʻamau he 18-22 pule.

No nā pono papahana wikiwiki i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, mālama ʻo Wow Stainless i kahi hui waihona ma ke kahakai ʻo Gulf Coast me kahi mea hoʻolaha ma Houston e mālama ana i 30-50 metric tons o ka pā duplex 2205 a me ka paipu i nā nui maʻamau. Kākoʻo kēia waihona ma Houston i ka hoʻouna ʻana i 2-4 pule i nā ʻoihana ʻenekinia hale hana kemika a me nā mea hana ipu kaomi no ka hoʻoponopono ulia pōpilikia a me nā pono papahana liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa i ka waihona ma Houston nā palapala hōʻoia hoʻāʻo wili like a kākoʻo i nā palapala hana no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka loiloi ʻenekinia papahana.

No nā nīnau kūʻai e pili ana i ka pā duplex 2205, pepa, pā, a me ka paipu welded no nā ipu kaomi a me nā noi pipeline o ka hale hana kemika ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, hāʻawi ka hui hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Wow Stainless i ke kūkākūkā kikoʻī, ke kākoʻo ʻōlelo, a me ka hoʻonohonoho logistics. Loaʻa nā laʻana palapala hōʻoia hoʻāʻo wili a me nā palapala hoʻokō ASTM A240 maka ʻaoʻao huahana Wow Stainless.